Profilaxia do tromboembolismo venoso nas cirurgias ortopédicas / Venous thromboprophylaxis in orthopedic surgeries

A trombose venosa profunda (TVP) e o tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) são as principais manifestações clínicas do tromboembolismo venoso (TEV). O TEV é uma complicação comum e potencialmente grave das cirurgias ortopédicas, uma vez que pode levar à limitação funcional e morte pós-operatória. O uso da tromboprofilaxia reduz acentuadamente a incidência de TEV relacionado às intervenções ortopédicas, e seu uso é recomendado por diversas diretrizes. Entretanto, a indicação e o tipo de tromboprofilaxia para algumas intervenções ortopédicas, assim como o uso de ferramentas de predição de risco, ainda não estão bem estabelecidos e constituem pontos de debate. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram identificar os fatores de risco para TEV e suas interações nas cirurgias ortopédicas e avaliar a aplicabilidade do escore de risco de Caprini na predição de TEV em pacientes ortopédicos. Além disso, devido à escassez de conhecimento e recomendações sobre tromboprofilaxia nas intervenções ortopédicas de tornozelo e pé, realizaram-se uma revisão narrativa e uma enquete internacional sobre o assunto. Para analisar a interação de fatores de risco de TEV e a aplicabilidade preditiva do escore de Caprini nas cirurgias ortopédicas, foram utilizados os dados do Multiple Environmental and Genetic Assessment of risk factors for venous thrombosis (MEGA), um estudo caso-controle holandês de base populacional cujo desfecho de interesse é o TEV. Neste, 263 indivíduos que tiveram TEV e 94 controles foram submetidos à cirurgia ortopédica. O risco de TEV foi maior nos primeiros 30 dias após a cirurgia [odds ratio ajustada (ORadj) 17,5; intervalo de confiança (IC) 95%, 9,2-33,4] e manteve-se aumentado até 90 dias (ORadj 11,5; IC 95%, 7,3-17,7). Houve interação entre cirurgia ortopédica e mutação fator V Leiden (ORadj 17,5; IC 95%, 4,1-73,6), tipo de sangue não-O (ORadj 11,2; 95% IC, 3,4-34,0) e níveis séricos de fator VIII maiores que 150 mg/dl (ORadj 18,6; IC, 7,4-46,9). Quanto ao escore de Caprini, foram avaliados 357 indivíduos com TEV submetidos à cirurgia ortopédica. Um total de 20,9% dos casos e 41,5% dos controles foram classificados no grupo de menor risco (Caprini < 5 pontos). Pacientes com um escore de Caprini maior que 11 pontos tiveram um risco de TEV seis vezes maior (OR 6,3; IC 95%, 1,7-22,9), e pacientes com um escore de 9 a 10 tiveram um risco três vezes maior (OR 3,5; IC 95% 1,2-10,3). A área sob a curva (AUC) do escore de Caprini foi de 0,64, evidenciando uma discriminação de predição de TEV moderada. Na enquete internacional sobre tromboprofilaxia de pé e tornozelo, 693 cirurgiões ortopédicos de pé e tornozelo de 49 países participaram. Aproximadamente 50% informaram prescrever tromboprofilaxia durante a imobilização do paciente. Quando utilizada, as escolhas preferidas em ordem decrescente foram ácido acetilsalicílico (AAS), heparina de baixo peso molecular (HBPM) e anticoagulantes orais diretos. AAS e HBPM foram predominantemente prescritos na América do Norte e Europa, respectivamente. TVP prévia, imobilidade, obesidade e trombofilia hereditária foram considerados os principais fatores de risco indicativos do uso de tromboprofilaxia. Concluiu-se que: houve risco aumentado de TEV e interação entre os fatores de risco fator V Leiden, níveis elevados de fator VIII e grupo sanguíneo não- O com cirurgia ortopédica; o escore de Caprini é uma ferramenta que pode auxiliar os cirurgiões ortopédicos a classificarem o risco de TEV no pós-operatório, embora seu desempenho preditivo discriminativo tenha sido moderado; apesar de a maioria dos cirurgiões ortopédicos de tornozelo e pé considerarem que a tromboprofilaxia está indicada para cirurgias de tornozelo e pé (principalmente na presença de fatores de risco como TVP prévia, imobilidade, obesidade e trombofilia hereditária), a prescrição, o tipo e a duração apresentam grande discrepância intercontinental. Assim, este trabalho contribui para a identificação de pacientes sob alto risco de TEV, ponto estratégico para o uso individualizado e seguro da tromboprofilaxia como ferramenta para redução do risco de TEV relacionado às cirurgias ortopédicas.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism are the main clinical manifestations of venous thromboembolism (VTE). VTE is a common and potentially serious complication of orthopedic surgeries, as it can lead to functional limitation and postoperative death. The use of thromboprophylaxis markedly reduces the incidence of VTE related to orthopedic interventions, and its use is recommended by several guidelines. However, the indication and type of thromboprophylaxis for some orthopedic interventions, as well as the use of risk prediction tools are still not well established and is debatable. The objectives of this study were to identify risk factors for VTE and their interactions in orthopedic surgeries and to evaluate the applicability of the Caprini risk score in predicting VTE in orthopedic patients. In addition, due to the lack of knowledge and recommendations on thromboprophylaxis in foot and ankle surgeries, a narrative review and an international survey on the subject were carried out. Data from the MEGA Study (Multiple Environmental and Genetic Assessment of risk factors for venous thrombosis) which is a Dutch population-based case-control study whose outcome of interest is VTE were used. A total of 263 subjects who had VTE and 94 controls underwent orthopedic surgery. The risk of VTE was the highest in the first 30 days after surgery (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj] 17.5; 95% CI [confidence interval], 9.2-33.4) and remained increased up to 90 days (ORadj, 11.5; 95% CI, 7.3- 17.7). There was interaction between orthopedic surgery and factor V Leiden mutation (ORadj 17.5, 95%CI 4.1-73.6), non-O blood type (ORadj 11.2; 95%CI 3.4-34.0) and factor VIII plasma levels greater than 150 mg/dl (ORadj 18.6; CI 7.4-46.9). To assess the applicability of the Caprini Score, 357 individuals with VTE undergoing orthopedic surgery in the MEGA were evaluated. A total of 20.9% of cases and 41.5% of controls were classified in the lowest risk group (Caprini <5 points). Patients with a Caprini score greater than 11 points had a six-fold increased risk of VTE (OR 6.3, 95% CI 1.7- 22.9) and patients with a score of 9-10 had about three-fold increased risk (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.2-10.3). The area under curve for the Caprini score was 0.64, evidencing a moderate VTE prediction discrimination. In the international survey on foot and ankle thromboprophylaxis, 693 orthopedic foot and ankle surgeons from 49 countries participated. Approximately 50% reported prescribing thromboprophylaxis during patient immobilization that, when used, the preferred choice, in descending order, was acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and direct oral anticoagulants. ASA and LMWH were predominantly prescribed in North America and Europe, respectively. Previous DVT, immobility, obesity and hereditary thrombophilia were considered the main risk factors indicative of the use of thromboprophylaxis. It is concluded that there was increased risk of VTE and interaction between factor V Leiden, high plasma levels of factor VIII or non-O blood group and orthopedic surgery; that the Caprini score is a tool that can help orthopedic surgeons to classify the risk of postoperative VTE, although its discriminative predictive performance was moderate and that although most ankle and foot orthopedic surgeons consider that thromboprophylaxis is indicated for ankle and foot surgeries (especially in the presence of risk factors such as previous DVT, immobility, obesity and hereditary thrombophilia), the prescription, type and duration present a large intercontinental discrepancy. Thus, this work contributed to the identification of patients at high risk of VTE, a strategic point for the individualized and safe use of thromboprophylaxis as a tool to reduce the risk of VTE related to orthopedic surgeries.

Desafios da profilaxia estendida do tromboembolismo venoso em pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos / Challenges of extended venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in medical and surgical patients

Resumo Pacientes hospitalizados por doenças clínicas e cirúrgicas agudas estão sob risco de desenvolvimento de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) durante a hospitalização e após a alta. A profilaxia farmacológica estendida além do período da hospitalização é recomendada para pacientes submetidos a cirurgias de alto risco de TEV e para grupos selecionados de pacientes clínicos hospitalizados. Diversos desafios envolvem essa prática, desde o reconhecimento das populações de risco elegíveis para a extensão da profilaxia até a escolha do anticoagulante mais adequado e a definição do tempo ideal de utilização. Os principais modelos de avaliação de risco de TEV em pacientes clínicos e cirúrgicos hospitalizados, as recomendações atuais para uso da profilaxia estendida e suas limitações e benefícios serão apresentados nesta revisão.

Abstract Patients hospitalized for acute medical and surgical illnesses are at risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE) during hospitalization and after discharge. Extended pharmacological prophylaxis beyond the hospital stay is recommended for patients undergoing surgeries at high risk for VTE and for selected groups of hospitalized medical patients. This practice involves several challenges, from identification of at-risk populations eligible for extended prophylaxis to choice of the most appropriate anticoagulant and definition of the ideal duration of use. This review will present the main VTE risk assessment models for hospitalized medical and surgical patients, the current recommendations for use of extended prophylaxis, and its limitations and benefits.

Prevention of Deep Vein Thrombosis by Panax Notoginseng Saponins Combined with Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin in Surgical Patients / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the efficacy of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prevention among real-world surgical inpatients who received panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) combined with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH).@*METHODS@#A prospective cohort study was conducted among surgical patients between January 2016 and November 2018 in Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. Participants received LMWH alone or PNS combined with LMWH for preventing DVT. The primary outcome was incidence of lower extremity DVT, which was screened once a week. Participants in the LMWH group were given LMWH (enoxaparin) via hypodermic injection, 4000-8000 AxalU once daily. Participants in the exposure group received PNS (Xuesaitong oral tablets, 100 mg, 3 times daily) combined with LMWH given the same as LMWH group.@*RESULTS@#Of the 325 patients screened for the study, 281 participants were included in the final analysis. The cohort was divided into PNS + LMWH group and LMWH group with 134 and 147 participants, respectively. There was a significant difference of DVT incidence between two groups (P=0.01), with 21 (15.7%) incident DVT in the PNS + LMWH group, and 41 (27.9%) incident DVT in the LMWH group. Compared with participants without DVT, the participants diagnosed with DVT were older and had higher D-dimer level. The multivariate logistic regression model showed a significant lower risk of incident DVT among participants in the PNS + LMWH group compared with the LMWH group (odds ratio 0.46, 95% confidence interval, 0.25-0.86). There were no significant differences in thromboelaslography values (including R, K, Angle, and MA) and differences in severe bleeding between two groups. No symptomatic pulmonary embolism occurred during the study.@*CONCLUSION@#Combined application of PNS and LMWH can effectively reduce the incidence of DVT among surgical inpatients compared with LMWH monotherapy, without increased risk of bleeding.

Intraoperative IPC combined with 3M warming instrument to prevent lower extremity deep venous thrombosis in patients undergoing proximal femoral anti rotation intramedullary nailing / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effect of intermittent pneumatic compression(IPC) combined with 3M thermometer on the prevention of deep venous thrombosis(DVT) in patients with femoral intertrochanteric fracture.@*METHODS@#From March 2016 to August 2019, 127 patients with femoral intertrochanteric fractures who underwent proximal femoral nail antirotation(PFNA) were retrospectively analyzed. They were divided into two groups according to different methods of thrombus prevention and treatment. Among them, 63 patients in group A did not use IPC and 3M thermometer;64 cases in group B were treated with IPC combined with 3M thermometer. Color Doppler ultrasound was used to dynamically monitor the DVT and changes of lower limbs during perioperative period. The venous thrombosis of lower limbs was monitored at 0, 24, 72 h and > 72 h after operation(recheck every 3 days until discharge).@*RESULTS@#Occurrence of DVT of lower limbs after PFNA operation in two groups:there were 5 cases (7.8%) in group B and 20 cases (31.7%) in group A, there was significant difference between two groups (P=0.001). There was no significant difference in lower limb DVT between two groups at 0, 72 and > 72 h after operation(P>0.05), but the formation rate of group A was significantly higher than that of group B at 24 h after operation (P=0.049). There was no significant difference in DVT formation between group A and group B(P>0.05). However, the formation of DVT in group A was significantly higher than that in group B(P=0.012).@*CONCLUSION@#Intraoperative IPC combined with 3M thermostat can effectively prevent DVT of lower limbs in patients undergoing PFNA surgery.

Incidence, diagnosis, treatment methods, and outcomes of clinically suspected venous thromboembolic disease in patients with COVID-19 in a quaternary hospital in Brazil / Incidência, diagnóstico, métodos terapêuticos e desfechos de eventos tromboembólicos venosos em pacientes com COVID-19 em um hospital quaternário do Brasil

Abstract Background Prothrombotic states have been associated with viral infections and the novel Sars-COV-2 infection has been associated with elevated D-dimer levels, although no causal relation has been clearly established. Objectives This study presents an epidemiological analysis of manifest VTE episodes in a group of patients hospitalized because of COVID-19. Methods Medical records of patients who presented symptomatic deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism in concomitance with confirmed COVID-19 were retrospectively studied. Demographic characteristics, prevalence of VTE, site of occurrence, D-dimer variation over time, management, and outcomes were analyzed. Results During the study period, 484 confirmed cases of COVID-19 were admitted, 64 of which displayed VTE symptoms and 13 of which had confirmed symptomatic VTE(2.68% of total sample and 20.31% of symptomatic cases). Most cases (76.92%) occurred in intensive care. On the day attributed to VTE onset, D-dimer levels were over 3,000 ng/mL in 8 (80%) patients, a significant increase from baseline admission levels (p < 0.05). A significant decrease was also observed in D-dimer values at hospital discharge (p < 0.05). All patients received pharmacological thromboprophylaxis and/or anticoagulation as indicated. Two deaths occurred during the study, both patients with severe comorbidities. At the end of our study protocol, nine patients had been discharged and two remained hospitalized, but had no signs of VTE worsening. Conclusions VTE prevalence in hospitalized COVID-19 patients was 2.7%, and higher in intensive care units. Early institution of prophylaxis and immediate full anticoagulation when VTE is diagnosed should be the goals of those who treat this kind of patient.

Resumo Contexto Os estados pró-trombóticos têm sido associados a infecções virais. A nova infecção pela síndrome respiratória aguda grave do coronavírus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sabidamente eleva os níveis de D-dímero, embora a relação causal não tenha sido bem estabelecida. Objetivos Este estudo apresenta uma análise epidemiológica de episódios sintomáticos de tromboembolismo em um grupo de pacientes hospitalizados pela doença do novo coronavírus (COVID-19). Métodos Foi realizada uma revisão retrospectiva de prontuários de pacientes internados por COVID-19 que apresentaram trombose venosa profunda e/ou embolia pulmonar sintomáticas. Foram avaliados os dados demográficos, a prevalência de tromboembolismo, a variação do D-dímero ao longo do tempo, o manejo e os desfechos. Resultados Dos 484 casos confirmados de COVID-19 admitidos entre março e julho de 2020, 64 apresentaram sintomas de tromboembolismo, que foram investigados, e 13 tiveram tromboembolismo confirmado (2,68% do total e 20,31% dos sintomáticos). A maioria dos casos ocorreu em regime de terapia intensiva (76,92%). Houve um aumento significativo no número de pacientes com D-dímero acima de 3.000 ng/mL no dia atribuído ao diagnóstico de tromboembolismo com relação aos níveis do momento da admissão (80%, p < 0,05).Uma queda significativa de pacientes nesse limiar também foi observada no momento da alta (p < 0,05). Todos os pacientes receberam tromboprofilaxia ou anticoagulação conforme indicado. Houve dois óbitos na amostra, ambos pacientes com comorbidades severas. Ao fim do protocolo, nove pacientes receberam alta e dois permaneceram hospitalizados, mas sem sinais de piora. Conclusões A prevalência de tromboembolismo em pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 foi de 2,7%, sendo mais frequente em regime de terapia intensiva. A instituição precoce de profilaxia e anticoagulação imediata ao diagnóstico é primordial nesse grupo de pacientes.

The Hospital Zambrano Hellion venous thromboembolism rapid response team (PREVENTION-team): Improving pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis patient care / Equipo de respuesta rápida para tromboembolismo venoso del Hospital Zambrano Hellion (PREVENTION-Team): Mejorando el manejo del tromboembolismo pulmonar y trombosis venosa profunda

Abstract Background: Fast-track worldwide reperfusion programs improve outcomes in ST-elevation myocardial infarction and stroke. Similar programs called Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) focus on submassive and massive pulmonary embolism (PE) excluding deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Methods: PREVENTION-team (Hospital Zambrano Hellion Venous Thromboembolism [VTE] Rapid Response). Primary objective: Fast-track stratification, diagnostics, and treatment (60-90 min) to improve proximal DVT and submassive and massive PE patients care. Secondary objectives: Increase diagnosis rate of low-risk PE and distal DVT; exploration of cause; long-term anticoagulation; identify high-risk profile for chronic complications; community-based support groups and patient education to extend the concept of the thrombosis-free hospital to thrombosis-free home. Structure and organization: The team includes cardiologists, vascular medicine, angiologist, echocardiographer, cardiovascular imaging, and interventional cardiologists. The team will be accessible 24 h a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year, and base on previous national experience. The cardiology fellow on call will be responsible for activation and evaluation. We will design several tools to accelerate these processes. Risk stratification and therapeutic approach will be based on clinical presentation, echocardiogram, and biomarkers findings. According to PERT stratification based on resources and medical specialties, Hospital Zambrano Hellion has level 1 PERT. PREVENTION-team links physicians with different expertise, provide fast, efficient, and time-saving treatment, potentially saving lives and reducing bleeding and chronic complications in VTE patients. Finally, establishing a network in our hospital and health system to improve VTE patients care. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first rapid response team focused on VTE in Mexico.

Resumen Antecedentes: Programas de reperfusión mejoraron la evolución en infarto con elevación del ST y accidente cerebrovascular embólico. Programas similares llamados PERT para TEP masiva o submasiva excluyen TVP. Métodos: Equipo PREVENTION (Hospital Zambrano Hellion Venous Thromboembolism Rapid Response). Objetivo primario: Estratificación, diagnóstico y tratamiento acelerado (60-90 minutos) para mejorar atención del TVP proximal y TEP masiva o submasiva. Objetivos secundarios: Incrementar diagnóstico de TEP de riesgo bajo y TVP distal; explorar causa; anticoagulación a largo plazo; perfil de riesgo alto para complicaciones crónicas; grupos de soporte en la comunidad y educación para pacientes, y extender el concepto de hospital libre de trombosis a hogar libre de trombosis. Estructura y organización: Incluye cardiólogos, medicina vascular, angiólogo, ecocardiografistas, imagen cardiovascular. Basado en experiencia nacional, el equipo estará accesible 24 horas del día, siete días de la semana, 365 días del año. El residente de cardiología realizará la activación y estratificación. Diseñamos herramientas para acelerar el proceso. La estratificación de riesgo y el abordaje terapéutico se basará en presentación clínica, hallazgos ecocardiograficos y biomarcadores. El Hospital Zambrano Hellion tiene nivel PERT 1 de acuerdo a la estratificación PERT basada en recursos y especialidades. Equipo-PREVENTION en TEV vincula médicos con diferentes capacidades, ofrece rápido y eficiente tratamiento para preservar vidas y reducir complicaciones hemorrágicas y crónicas. En nuestro hospital y sistema de salud establecer una sólida red de trabajo para mejorar la atención. Hasta nuestro conocimiento, en México este podría ser el primer equipo de respuesta rápida enfocado en TEV.

Trombosis venosa profunda en cirugías de tobillo y pie. Algoritmo de profilaxis / A prophylaxis algorithm for deep vein thrombosis in ankle and foot surgery

Introducción: La enfermedad tromboembólica es una de las complicaciones serias en la cirugía ortopédica. La tromboprofilaxis para las cirugías de tobillo y pie no está estandarizada, porque la incidencia es baja, según la bibliografía. El objetivo de este estudio es aportar un algoritmo de prevención para la trombosis venosa profunda y una revisión de la bibliografía. Materiales y Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una revisión de las historias clínicas de los pacientes operados entre 2011 y 2017. La muestra estaba integrada por 696 hombres (28,98%) y 1706 mujeres (71,02%), con un promedio de edad de 51 años (rango 20-82). Se realizaron 2402 procedimientos, 575 (23,94%) fueron por patologías traumáticas y 1827 (76,06%), por patologías ortopédicas. Resultados: Nueve pacientes (0,37%) presentaron trombosis venosa profunda y solo dos, tromboembolismo pulmonar (0,08%). Los procedimientos en los que ocurrieron fueron: artroscopia, reparación aguda del tendón de Aquiles, hallux valgus y fractura del 5.° metatarsiano. Conclusiones: Se recomienda un enfoque multimodal para la profilaxis de la trombosis venosa profunda. Esto incluye abordar los factores de riesgo modificables, mediante la profilaxis mecánica, la movilización temprana y la profilaxis química. La heparina de bajo peso molecular es eficaz para reducir la tasa de trombosis venosa profunda y tromboembolismo pulmonar. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a major complication in orthopedic surgery. According to the literature, thromboprophylaxis in foot and ankle surgery is not a standardized practice due to the low incidence of DVT. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the medical records of surgical patients. Between 2011 and 2017, 1591 surgeries were performed, 6 of them due to symptomatic DVT. Results: The incidence of DVT in major orthopedic surgeries, such as knee and hip, is well documented, but there are only a few reports about its incidence in foot and ankle surgery. It is considered a relatively rare complication in many published studies; thus, preventive drug therapy is not routine practice. Conclusions: A multimodal approach to DVT prophylaxis for high-risk patients is recommended. All risk factors should be addressed, such as mechanical prophylaxis, early mobilization, and the use of chemoprophylaxis. Low molecular weight heparin is effective in reducing the rate of clinically significant DVT and is also likely to reduce the rate of pulmonary embolism. Level of Evidence: IV

Thromboprophylaxis for Total Knee Arthroplasty / Tromboprofilaxia na artroplastia total do joelho

Abstract The authors report an update of the main methods for preventing deep vein thrombosis after total knee replacement, which are divided into mechanical and pharmacological methods. The current principal used drugs, their dosages, and the comparative risks and benefits are also reported.

Resumo Os autores descrevem uma atualização dos principais métodos de prevenção da trombose venosa profunda após artroplastia total do joelho, classificados em métodos mecânicos e farmacológicos. Reportam as principais drogas usadas, dosagem, riscos e benefícios comparativos.

Adherencia terapéutica a la tromboprofilaxis ortopédica / Adherence compliance to thromboprophylaxis orthopedics

Introducción: En ortopedia una de las peores complicaciones después de un procedimiento quirúrgico es la trombosis venosa, principal causa de morbimortalidad y reingreso hospitalario después de una artroplastia de cadera o de rodilla. Objetivo: Describir el uso de tromboprofilaxis y el riesgo de complicaciones tromboembólicas en cirugía ortopédica. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos Scielo, ScienceDirect, PubMed y Lilacs, con los descriptores "trombosis", "ortopedia", "prevención y control", en español e inglés. Se seleccionaron 32 artículos relacionados con la tromboprofilaxis en cirugía ortopédica y su adherencia terapéutica. Resultados: El riesgo que presenta un paciente de desarrollar complicaciones tromboembólicas perioperatorias es de 10 por ciento a 50 por ciento. Depende del tipo de cirugía y los factores de riesgo individuales de cada paciente. En el caso de las cirugías ortopédicas, el uso de la tromboprofilaxis evita complicaciones, reintervenciones y una estancia hospitalaria prolongada. Conclusiones: Es fundamental una buena adherencia a los protocolos tromboprofilácticos, entre ellos, la elección del medicamento correcto, la dosis adecuada, el tiempo requerido y los controles necesarios para evitar cualquier evento trombótico(AU)

Introduction: In orthopedics, one of the worst complications after a surgical procedure is venous thrombosis, being the main cause of morbidity and mortality and hospital readmission after a hip or knee arthroplasty. Objective: To synthesize and describe information on the use of thromboprophylaxis and the risk of thromboembolic complications in orthopedic surgery. Methods: A review of the literature was carried out in the databases Scielo, ScienceDirect, PubMed and Lilacs with the descriptors: thrombosis, orthopedics, prevention & control, in Spanish and English. We included 32 articles with a review focused on thromboprophylaxis in orthopedic surgery and adherence compliance. Results: The risk that a patient presents or develops perioperative thromboembolic complications is about 10 to 50 % according to the literature, which depends on the type of surgery and the individual risk factors. In the case of orthopedic surgeries, the use of this treatment avoids complications, reinterventions and a long hospital stay. Conclusions: A good adherence to the thromboprophylactic protocols is important, including the choice of the correct medication, the appropriate dose, the time required and the necessary controls to avoid any thrombotic event(AU)

Monitoring of coagulation by intraoperative thromboelastometry of liver transplantation in a patient using warfarin - case report / Monitoração da coagulação pela tromboelastometria no intraoperatório de transplante hepático em um paciente usando varfarina - relato de caso

Abstract Introduction: Advanced hepatic disease may - in addition to the widely recognized hemorrhagic complications - occur with thrombotic events. We describe the case of a cirrhotic patient taking warfarin and whose coagulation management during liver transplantation was guided by thromboelastometry (ROTEM®). Case report: A 56 year-old male patient diagnosed with alcohol cirrhosis using warfarin (2.5 mg.day−1) for partial portal vein thrombosis with the International Normalized Ratio (INR) of 2.14. At the beginning of surgery, the ROTEM® parameters were all normal. In the anhepatic phase, EXTEM and INTEM remained normal, but FIBTEM showed reduction of amplitude after 10 min and maximum clot firmness. Finally, in the neohepatic phase, there was a slight alteration in the hypocoagulability of most of the parameters of the EXTEM, INTEM and FIBTEM, besides a notable correction of the Coagulation Time (CT) in HEPTEM compared to the CT of the INTEM. Therefore, the patient did not receive any transfusion of blood products during surgery and in the postoperative period, being discharged on the 8th postoperative day. Discussion: Coagulation deficit resulting from cirrhosis distorts INR as a parameter of anticoagulation adequacy and as a determinant of the need for blood transfusion. Thus, thromboelastometry can provide important information for patient management.

Resumo Introdução: A doença hepática avançada pode, além das complicações hemorrágicas amplamente reconhecidas, ocorrer com eventos trombóticos. Descrevemos o caso de um paciente cirrótico em uso de varfarina, cujo manejo da coagulação durante o transplante de fígado foi guiado por tromboelastometria (ROTEM®). Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, 56 anos, diagnosticado com cirrose alcoólica, recebendo varfarina (2,5 mg.dia−1) para trombose parcial da veia porta, com razão normalizada internacional (INR) de 2,14. No início da cirurgia, os parâmetros ROTEM® estavam todos normais. Na fase não hepática, EXTEM e INTEM permaneceram normais, mas FIBTEM mostrou redução da amplitude após 10 min e firmeza máxima do coágulo. Por fim, na fase neo-hepática houve uma ligeira alteração da hipocoagulabilidade na maioria dos parâmetros de EXTEM, INTEM e FIBTEM, além de uma correção notável do tempo de coagulação (CT) de HEPTEM em comparação com o CT de INTEM. Portanto, o paciente não recebeu transfusão de hemoderivados durante a cirurgia e no período pós-operatório, obteve alta no oitavo dia de pós-operatório. Discussão: O déficit de coagulação resultante da cirrose distorce o INR como um parâmetro da adequação da anticoagulação e como um determinante da necessidade de transfusão de sangue. Portanto, a tromboelastometria pode fornecer informações importantes para o manejo do paciente.

Trombosis venosa profunda: Factores de riesgo y profilaxis / Deep vein thrombosis: Risk factors and prophylaxis

Antecedentes: La enfermedad tromboembólica venosa (ETV) es catalogada como la causa prevenible más frecuente de muerte hospitalaria y la tercer causa de morbilidad se ha calculado que en EEUU pueden existir 600,000 casos anuales. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo transversal con el objetivo de identificar pacientes con factores de riesgo para desarrollar ETV y no tienen profilaxis en servicios de medicina interna, ortopedia y cirugía del Hospital Roosevelt en agosto, 2016. Resultados: Se incluyeron 124 pacientes, 75/124 (60.4%) son de sexo masculino. El promedio de la edad fue de 44 años, rango de 14 ­ 87, 40/124 (32.2%) tenían indicación de reposo absoluto, 80/124 (64.5%) eran pacientes quirúrgicos, 16/124 (12.9%) tenían cáncer, 110/124 (88.7%) pacientes no recibieron profilaxis. Doce de 124 pacientes (9.6%) tenían al menos un factor de riesgo, 8/124 (6.4%) tenían 2 factores de riesgo, 16/124 (12.9%) tenían 3 factores de riesgo y 80/124 (64.5%) tenían 4 o más factores de riesgo. Conclusiones: Todos los pacientes encuestados poseen al menos un factor de riesgo para ETV, de los cuales 88.7% no recibe profilaxis...(AU)

Background: Venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) is listed as the most frequent preventable cause of hospital death and the third cause of morbidity has been estimated that in the US there may be 600,000 cases per year. Methodology: Cross-sectional descriptive study with the objective of identifying patients with risk factors to develop VTE and have no prophylaxis in services of internal medicine, orthopedics and surgery of the Roosevelt Hospital in August, 2016. Results: 124 patients were included, 75/124 ( 60.4%) are male. The average age was 44 years, range of 14 - 87, 40/124 (32.2%) had absolute rest indication, 80/124 (64.5%) were surgical patients, 16/124 (12.9%) had cancer, 110/124 (88.7%) patients did not receive prophylaxis . Twelve of 124 patients (9.6%) had at least one risk factor, 8/124 (6.4%) had 2 risk factors, 16/124 (12.9%) had 3 risk factors and 80/124 (64.5%) had 4 or more risk factors. Conclusions: All the patients surveyed have at least one risk factor for VTE, of which 88.7% do not receive prophylaxis ... (AU)

Rivaroxaban para el tratamiento de la trombocitopenia inducida por heparina: caso clínico / Treatment of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia with rivaroxaban: case report

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is immune-mediated. It occurs more frequently with unfractionated heparin (UFH) than with low molecular weight heparins (LMWH). It is associated with thromboembolic rather than hemorrhagic events, as opposed to thrombocytopenia of other etiologies. The key in therapy is the cessation of heparin and the start of another anticoagulant. We report a 58 years old female with HIT secondary to the use of Enoxaparin who was successfully managed with Rivaroxaban. Our goal is to report a novel therapy and provide the evidence that supports its use.

A comparative study in patients with fractures of the lower limbs between rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin and its impact on bone healing time / Estudio comparativo en pacientes con fracturas de extremidades inferiores entre rivaroxaban versus enoxaparina como terapia profiláctica antitrombótica y su impacto en el tiempo de consolidación

Abstract: Background: Each year it is estimated in the United States an approximate of 8 million fractures; 5 to 10% develop delayed union or absence of periosteal new bone. There are several factors that can cause delay in fracture healing, among the well known, is the use of prophylactic antithrombotic therapy for deep vein thrombosis (DVT). DVT appears in 40 to 60% of the patients undergoing orthopedic surgery without prophylactic antithrombotic therapy. The goal of this study was to assess whether there is a difference in time of bone healing in lower limb fractures (femur and tibia) comparing rivaroxaban to enoxaparin as the prophylactic antithrombotic management. Material and methods: We present a retrospective observational and analytic study in a sample of cases. It is a cross-sectional study with patient data from the database of the American British Cowdray (ABC) Medical Center. We included patients with femur and tibia fractures under antithrombotic prophylactic management with rivaroxaban or enoxaparin during the period of January 2011 to December 2012. Our sample included 32 patients separated into two groups. Student's t-test was used for comparing parametric variables and the Mann-Whitney U test for nonparametric variables. Linear regression model was preformed considering the variables related to the time it took the fracture to heal. Results: All fractures consolidated in a time of 13 and 14 weeks for rivaroxaban and enoxaparin respectively (p = 0.67). Discussion: We found no difference in bone healing time for lower limb fractures in patients receiving antithrombotic prophylaxis treatment comparing rivaroxaban with enoxaparin.

Resumen: Antecedentes: En Estados Unidos se presentan aproximadamente ocho millones de fracturas anuales y de ellas entre cinco y 10% desarrollan retraso o ausencia en la consolidación ósea. Existen diferentes factores bien conocidos que promueven este retraso, entre los cuales se encuentra el uso de los antitrombóticos como terapia profiláctica de la trombosis venosa profunda, la cual aparece de 40 a 60% en pacientes que no los utilizan y son sometidos a cirugías ortopédicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar si existe diferencia en el tiempo de consolidación de las fracturas de los huesos de las extremidades pélvicas (fémur y tibia) en pacientes sometidos a terapia profiláctica antitrombótica comparando rivaroxabán con enoxaparina. Material y métodos: Presentamos un estudio descriptivo y analítico con muestreo a conveniencia de casos retrospectivos. Es un estudio transversal con datos recolectivos. Se revisó la base de datos del Centro Médico ABC y se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de fracturas de fémur y tibia sometidos a manejo profiláctico antitrombótico con rivaroxabán o enoxaparina durante el periodo de Enero 2011 a Diciembre de 2012. La muestra total se constituyó de 32 pacientes divididos en dos grupos. Se utilizó la prueba T de Student para comparar variables paramétricas y la prueba U de Mann-Whitney para las no-paramétricas. Se realizó un modelo de regresión lineal considerando las variables relacionadas con el tiempo de consolidación ósea. Resultados: Todas las fracturas consolidaron, presentando un tiempo de 13 semanas con rivaroxabán y de 14 semanas (p = 0.67) con enoxaparina. Discusión: No encontramos diferencia en el tiempo de consolidación de las fracturas de los huesos de las extremidades pélvicas (fémur y tibia) en pacientes que reciben antitrombóticos como profilaxis comparando rivaroxabán con enoxaparina.

Trombose venosa profunda e tromboembolismo pulmonar nos pacientes submetidos à gastroplastia laparoscópica / Venous thrombosis and venous thromboembolism in bariatric laparoscopic surgery

Racional: a obesidade é fenômeno mundial, que aumenta a morbimortalidade e qualidade de vida dos indivíduos afetados. Considerada fator de risco isolado para o desenvolvimento de múltiplas complicações no pós-operatório, tais como trombose venosa profunda (TVP) e tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP). Objetivo: analisar a prevenção de TVP e TEP em 3.199 pacientes submetidos à gastroplastia redutora em Y de Roux (LRYGB) e gastrectomia vertical (GV) laparoscópica no Hospital São José do Avaí, Itaperuna, RJ entre agosto de 1999 e janeiro de 2015. Método: a prevenção de trombose venosa profunda foi realizada através de compressores pneumáticos de membros inferiores (CPIMI) no intraoperatório, associado à deambulação precoce. A profilaxia medicamentosa não foi realizada de rotina, apenas em casos selecionados. Resultados: 0,37% (doze pacientes) evoluíram com TVP dos quais 0,18% (seis pacientes) evoluíram para TEP, com mortalidade de 0,03% (1 paciente), sendo esse por complicações em uma segunda abordagem cirúrgica. Todos os casos foram diagnosticados através dos dados clínicos aliados ao ecodoppler de membros inferiores e à angiotomografia de tórax. Os pacientes foram tratados conservadoramente com infusão de heparina não fracionada na dose padrão. Conclusão: a compressão pneumática intermitente no intraoperatório e deambulação precoce foram benéficas na prevenção do TEP/TVP no pós-operatório como único método profilático. Em casos selecionados é recomendado o uso de heparina profilática.

Rational: obesity is a global phenomenon, which increases the morbidity of an individual's quality of life and increases the mortality risk in people who are affected by this disorder. This is a considered independent risk factor that can cause the development of multiple complications after surgery, such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). Purpose: the purpose of this study is to analyze the prevention of DVT and PE in 3199 patients that were undergoing gastric bypass (LRYGB) and sleeve Gastrectomy (GV) in the Laparoscopic Hospital in São José do Avai, Itaperuna, RJ, between August 1999 and January 2015. Method: the prevention of deep vein thrombosis was performed using Intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) intra-operatively, and was associated with the early ambulation of the patients. Drug prophylaxis is not routinely performed, except in selected cases. Results: out of all the patients, 0.37% (Twelve patients) developed DVT of which six patients evolved TEP with mortality in 1 patient. All the cases were diagnosed by clinical data combined with a Doppler ultra-sound of the lower limbs and the chest CT angiography. The patients were treated conservatively with the infusion of unfractionated heparin in the standard dose. Conclusion: the intermittent pneumatic compression done intra-operatively and the early ambulation were beneficial in the prevention of PE / DVT postoperatively and were the only prophylactic methods used. In selected cases, it is recommended that one use prophylactic heparin.

Trombocitopenia inducida por heparina: Nuevas opciones terapéuticas / Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. New therapeutical options

La trombocitopenia inducida por heparina (TIH) es una reacción adversa inmunológica mediada por la formación de anticuerpos contra el complejo heparina-factor plaquetario 4 (FP4), caracterizada por la presencia de trombocitopenia y la asociación paradojal de trombosis arterial o venosa. Es una complicación poco frecuente pero grave del uso de cualquier tipo de heparina. En tratados con procedimientos cardiovasculares como intervención coronaria percutánea y cirugía de revascularización cardiaca, la prevalencia de anticuerpos es significativamente mayor que en otros escenarios clínicos. El reconocimiento de las características clínicas y de laboratorio permite la suspensión inmediata de la heparina y la instauración de tratamiento anticoagulante alternativo, para evitar la progresión y formación de nuevos trombos y sus complicaciones. En la presente revisión se resumen las diferentes alternativas terapéuticas para la TIH, en particular los anticoagulantes orales directos (DOACS) como el dabigatran, rivaroxaban y apixaban que pueden proporcionar una nueva opción para el tratamiento de TIH.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune-mediated adverse reaction due to antibodies to a multimolecular complex of heparin and platelet factor 4 (PF4) characterized by moderate thrombocytopenia and paradoxical arterial or venous thrombosis. It is a relatively infrequent complication related to the administration of any type of heparin. In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary revascularization or coronary artery by-pass graft the prevalence of HIT is higher than in other clinical settings. Recognizing clinical and laboratory features of HIT allow immediate discontinuation of heparin and the use of alternative anticoagulants to avoid serious thrombotic complications. In this review, we summarize different therapeutic options for the treatment of HIT with special emphasis on direct oral anticoagulants (DOACS) such as dabigatran, rivaroxaban and apixaban. DOACS might represent a therapeutic alternative for HIT treatment.

Use of tranexamic acid in primary total knee replacement: effects on perioperative blood loss / Uso do ácido tranexâmico em artroplastia total primária de joelho: repercussões na perda sanguínea perioperatória

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The use of tranexamic acid in primary total knee replacement surgeries has been the subject of constant study. The strategies to reduce bleeding are aimed at reducing the need for blood transfusion due to the risks involved. In this study we evaluated the use of tranexamic acid in reducing bleeding, need for blood transfusion, and prevalence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis in primary total knee replacement. METHOD: 62 patients undergoing primary total knee replacement were enrolled in the study, from June 2012 to May 2013, and randomized to receive a single dose of 2.5 g of intravenous tranexamic acid (Group TA) or saline (Group GP), 5 min before opening the pneumatic tourniquet, respectively. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, and blood loss were recorded 24 h after surgery. Deep vein thrombosis was investigated during patient's hospitalization and 15 and 30 days after surgery in review visits. RESULTS: There was no demographic difference between groups. Group TA had 13.89% decreased hematocrit (p = 0.925) compared to placebo. Group TA had a decrease of 12.28% (p = 0.898) in hemoglobin compared to Group GP. Group TA had a mean decrease of 187.35 mL in blood loss (25.32%) compared to group GP (p = 0.027). The number of blood transfusions was higher in Group GP (p = 0.078). Thromboembolic events were not seen in this study. CONCLUSION: Tranexamic acid reduced postoperative bleeding without promoting thromboembolic events.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O uso do ácido tranexâmico, em cirurgias de artroplastia total primária de joelho, tem sido objeto de constante estudo. As estratégias para redução de sangramento visam à redução da necessidade de transfusão de sangue devido aos riscos que apresentam. Neste estudo, propomos a avaliação do uso do ácido tranexâmico na redução do sangramento, na necessidade de transfusão de sangue e na prevalência de trombose venosa profunda (TVP) pós-operatória em artroplastia total primária de joelho. MÉTODO: Foram estudados 62 pacientes submetidos à artroplastia primária total de joelho, de junho de 2012 a maio de 2013, randomizados para receber ácido tranexâmico 2,5 g endovenoso (grupo AT), em dose única, ou soro fisiológico (grupo GP), cinco minutos antes da abertura do torniquete pneumático, respectivamente. Foram feitas dosagens de hemoglobina e hematócrito e medida a perda sanguínea 24 horas após a cirurgia. A TVP foi pesquisada durante a internação do paciente, 15 e 30 dias após a cirurgia nas consultas de revisão. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferenças demográficas entre os grupos estudados. O grupo GT apresentou queda do hematócrito 13,89% (p = 0,925) comparado com o grupo placebo. O grupo GT apresentou diminuição de 12,28% (p = 0,898) da hemoglobina comparado com o grupo GP. O grupo GT apresentou uma diminuição média de 187,35 ml nas perdas sanguíneas (25,32%) quando comparado com o grupo GP (p = 0,027). O número de transfusões sanguíneas foi maior no grupo GP (p = 0,078). Eventos tromboembólicos não foram evidenciados neste estudo. CONCLUSÕES: O ácido tranexâmico diminuiu o sangramento pós-operatório sem promover eventos tromboembólicos.

Venous thromboembolism-incidence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in patients with head and neck cancer: a tertiary care experience in Pakistan

Introduction Although venous thromboembolism (VTE) is seen with morbidity and mortality in various surgical specialties, scarce data are available in the head and neck surgery domain. Objective We aim to determine the incidence of VTE in patients receiving surgery for head and neck cancer. Methods Four hundred thirteen patients who underwent head and neck surgery procedures between 2005 and 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. All patients with head and neck surgery had received thromboprophylaxis (i.e., compression stockings and subcutaneous heparin). Patient demographics, operating time, and length of hospital stay were analyzed. The incidence of symptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) during the initial postoperative hospitalization was assessed. Results Twelve patients were identified who developed VTE. Three patients developed DVT, and nine developed PE. The incidence of DVT and PE was 0.72 and 2.17%, respectively. Interestingly, all of these patients had undergone excision of extensive head and neck cancers accompanied by a reconstructive procedure. Patients who developed PE had a longer hospital stay compared with those who only had DVT. There were overall three mortalities in the nine patients who developed PE. Conclusion Although VTE has a low incidence, it is a known complication of extensive head and neck surgeries with life-threatening outcomes. We recommend early mobilization and physiotherapy with the possible aid from appropriate mechanical and pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis.

Influencia de los cambios atmosféricos en la ocurrencia de trombosis venosa profunda de las extremidades / Influence of atmospheric changes in the occurrence of deep venous thrombosis of the limbs

Introducción: la trombosis venosa profunda es una enfermedad prevalente, con alta morbilidad y mortalidad, que dispone de medidas eficaces para su prevención y tratamiento. Se ha informado que existe cierta relación entre la ocurrencia de una trombosis venosa profunda con los cambios atmosféricos. Objetivo: describir la influencia de los cambios atmosféricos y las estaciones del año en la ocurrencia de una trombosis venosa profunda de las extremidades. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 90 pacientes ingresados en el Servicio de Flebolinfología del Instituto Nacional de Angiología y Cirugía Vascular con el diagnóstico de trombosis venosa profunda de los miembros en el período de enero a diciembre de 2012. Se tuvieron en cuenta los meses del año, y las variables climatológicas temperatura y presión atmosférica. Resultados: los meses con mayor incidencia de trombosis venosa profunda fueron septiembre y diciembre. En el período más lluvioso en Cuba, solo se encontró un ligero incremento en el número de casos en el mes de junio y en septiembre un incremento mayor con el registro de una presión atmosférica disminuida en relación con las consignadas en meses anteriores. No se apreció influencia de las bajas temperaturas ocurridas en ese año. Conclusiones: los cambios de presión atmosférica con tendencia hacia la disminución y la presencia de abundantes lluvias, tienen algún grado de influencia en la aparición de la trombosis venosa profunda de las extremidades. Es necesario en estos periodos, aplicar una apropiada y potenciada profilaxis en aquellos enfermos con riesgo de presentar esta enfermedad(AU)

Introduction: the deep venous thrombosis presupposes high morbidity and mortality rates, but effective measures are available for its prevention and treatment. It has been said that the occurrence of deep venous thrombosis and atmospheric changes are related. Objective: to describe the influence of atmospheric changes and of the seasons of the year in the occurrence of deep venous thrombosis of the limbs. Methods: a descriptive study was carried out in 90 patients admitted to the Phlebolymphology service of the National Institute of Angiology and Vascular Surgery with the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis of the limbs in the period from January through December, 2012. Months of the year, and the atmospheric variables temperature and pressure were taken into consideration. Results: the months with the highest incidence of deep venous thrombosis were September and December. In the rainiest period in Cuba, there was just a slight increase in the number of cases in June whereas higher increase was observed in September with lower atmospheric pressure compared to those registered in previous months. Low temperatures registered in that year had no influence on the occurrence of the disease. Conclusions: atmospheric pressure changes tending to lower values and abundant rains have some influence on the onset of deep venous thrombosis, so it is necessary in certain periods of the year to apply a suitable prophylaxis in those patients at risk(AU)